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Data Analysis & Statistics

Resources on the topics covered in introductory statistics and data analysis classes (e.g., PUBP 511, COMM 650)

Measurement & Distributions

Normal Distribution, Z-Scores

Normal Distribution (Math is Fun)
What is a Z-Score (StatisticsHelper)
Empirical Rule & Calculator (StatisticsHelper)
How do I know if my data have a normal distribution? (GraphPad)
Video: The Normal Distribution, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest)
Video: the Normal Distribution (WISE)

Sampling Distributions, Standard Error

Statistical Terms in Sampling (Research Methods Knowledge Base)
How Samples Vary (Stats without Tears)
Sampling & the 1-Sample Z-Test (Usable Stats)
Advanced: Importance of being uncertain (Nature Methods)
Video: Data Samples, Populations, & Representative Samples ~9min (Data Ready, Georgia State University Library)
Video: The Central Limit Theorem, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest)
Explore: Sampling from a non-Normally distributed population (UBC Statistics Visualizations)
Explore: Sampling & Standard Error (R-Studio, Shiny App) / Alternative (RVLS)
Explore: Central Limit Theorem (Michael Freeman)
Explore: Distribution of Sample Means (Ian Stevenson)

Estimation, Confidence Intervals

Statistical Estimation (Mark Flaherty)
Survey Sample Sizes and Margin of Error (Rogrer Niles)
Confidence Intervals 6-Step Method pdf (Golde I. Holtzman)
Statements of probability and confidence intervals (Statistics at square one; BMJ)
Video: Constructing Confidence Intervals (OpenIntro)
Video: Confidence Intervals Explained (Data Demystified) 7.5 min - No calculations, just meaning.
Explore: Interpreting Confidence Intervals (Kristoffer Magnusson)

Hypothesis Testing

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing & P-Values

Hypothesis Testing and Steps in Hypothesis Testing (Open Learning Textbook)
Statistical Significance - What Does It Really Mean (SPSS Tutorials)
One-tail vs. two-tail P values (GraphPad)
Video: Hypothesis Testing and the Null Hypothesis and P-Values (StatQuest)
Video: P-Value in statistics and P-Value calculations and a Quiz (Dr. Nic's Math and Stats)
Video: Statistical Significance and p-Values Explained Intuitively (Data Demystified) ~9 min

Effect Size / Practical Significance

Effect Sizes (vs NHST) pdf (Andy Field)
Video: The Dance of the p-values (Geoff Cummings)
Video: Statistical vs Practical Significance Compared (Data Demystified) ~8.5 min

Power & Error

Power and sample size (Nature Methods)
Type I and Type II Errors – Making Mistakes in the Justice System (Tom Rogers)
Tutorial: Statistical Power with Exercises (WISE)
Errors and Power (Open Learning Textbook)
Differences between means: type I and type II errors and power (Statistics at square one; BMJ)
Video: Statistical Power and Performing a Power Analysis (StatQuest)
Video: Type I and II Errors, Power, Effect Size, Significance and Power Analysis in Quantitative Research (NurseKillam; in-depth explanation of terms)
Explore: Understanding Statistical Power and Significance Testing (Kristoffer Magnusson)