Data Analysis & Statistics

Normal Distribution, Z-Scores

• Normal Distribution (Math is Fun)
• What is a Z-Score (StatisticsHelper)
• Empirical Rule & Calculator (StatisticsHelper)
• Statements of probability and confidence intervals (Statistics at square one; BMJ)
• How do I know if my data have a normal distribution? (GraphPad)
• Video: The Normal Distribution, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest)
• Video: the Normal Distribution (WISE)

Conversions

• How to use a Z-table (StatisticsHelper)
• Z-score calculator  (StatisticsHelper) - Shows formula and how it was calculated
• p-to-z converter (WISE) - Shows histogram
• Normal Distribution Calculator (HyperStat/David M Lane) - Shows histogram, can specify mean and sd

Sampling Distributions, Standard Error

• Statistical Terms in Sampling (Research Methods Knowledge Base)
• How Samples Vary (Stats without Tears)
• Advanced: Importance of being uncertain (Nature Methods)
• Video: Data Samples, Populations, & Representative Samples ~9min (Data Ready, Georgia State University Library)
• Video: Sampling Distributions (against all odds)
• Explore: Sampling from a non-Normally distributed population (UBC Statistics Visualizations)
• Explore: Sampling & Standard Error (R-Studio, Shiny App) / Alternative (RVLS)

Estimation, Confidence Intervals

• Statistical Estimation (Mark Flaherty)
• Survey Sample Sizes and Margin of Error (Rogrer Niles)
• Confidence Intervals 6-Step Method pdf (Golde I. Holtzman)
• Video: Constructing Confidence Intervals (OpenIntro)
• Explore: Interpreting Confidence Intervals (Kristoffer Magnusson)

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing & P-Values

• Hypothesis Testing and Steps in Hypothesis Testing (Open Learning Textbook)
• Statistical Significance - What Does It Really Mean (SPSS Tutorials)
• Video: Hypothesis Testing and the Null Hypothesis, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest)
• Video: P-Values: What they are and how to interpret them! (StatQuest)
• Video: Tests of Significance (against all odds)
• Video: The Dance of the p-values (Geoff Cummings)
• Video: P-Value Easy Explanation (Chand Chauhan)

Topics in Statistical Analysis

• Effect Sizes (vs NHST) pdf (Andy Field)
• Sampling & the 1-Sample Z-Test (Usable Stats)
• One-tail vs. two-tail P values (GraphPad)
• Video: The Central Limit Theorem, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest)
• Explore: Central Limit Theorem (Michael Freeman)
• Explore: Distriution of Sample Means by Ian Stevenson
• Explore: t-distribution (Kristoffer Magnusson)

Power & Error

• Power and sample size (Nature Methods)
• Type I and Type II Errors – Making Mistakes in the Justice System (Tom Rogers)
• Tutorial: Statistical Power with Exercises (WISE)
• Errors and Power (Open Learning Textbook)
• Differences between means: type I and type II errors and power (Statistics at square one; BMJ)
• Explore: Understanding Statistical Power and Significance Testing (Kristoffer Magnusson)
• Video: Statistical Power, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest; general overview, light on terminology)
• Video: Type I and II Errors, Power, Effect Size, Significance and Power Analysis in Quantitative Research (NurseKillam; in-depth explanation of terms)
• Video: Performing a Power Analysis, Clearly Explained! (StatQuest; easy to follow and goes over formulas needed for power analysis)